Ruy Lopez (Spanish Opening)

The most studied opening in history: White pressures the knight that defends e5 and plays for a long-term positional grind.

The moves

How to play it

• The bishop on b5 isn't really threatening Bxc6 yet — it's applying slow pressure; build with c3, d4, and the famous 'Spanish torture.'
• Re1, h3, and the knight maneuver Nb1–d2–f1–g3 is the classic plan every Spanish player must know.
• Keep the light-squared bishop alive via Ba4–b3 — it becomes a monster on the a2–g8 diagonal.

How opponents will fight back

• The Morphy Defense 3…a6 4. Ba4 b5 gains space and kicks the bishop before it settles.
• The Berlin Defense 3…Nf6 heads for a famously solid endgame — the wall that even world champions couldn't crack.
• The Marshall Gambit (…d5!) sacrifices a pawn for a raging attack — the sharpest reply Black owns.

Drill the Ruy Lopez (Spanish Opening) against four levels of computer opposition, then test it in rated games — free, in your browser.